This is the single most counter-intuitive rule in French for English speakers. In English, "his" and "her" tell you about the owner. In French, son and sa tell you about the object.
Son frère can mean "his brother" or "her brother" — because frère is masculine. Sa soeur can mean "his sister" or "her sister" — because soeur is feminine. The owner's gender simply isn't encoded.
| Owner | Masculine noun | Feminine noun | Plural noun |
|---|---|---|---|
| je | mon | ma | mes |
| tu | ton | ta | tes |
| il / elle / on | son | sa | ses |
| nous | notre | notre | nos |
| vous | votre | votre | vos |
| ils / elles | leur | leur | leurs |
| French | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| mon père | mohn PAIR | my father |
| ma mère | mah MAIR | my mother |
| mes parents | may pah-RAHN | my parents |
| son travail | sohn trah-VYE | his / her job |
| notre maison | notr may-ZOHN | our house |
| leurs enfants | luhr-zahn-FAHN | their children |
Before a feminine noun that starts with a vowel sound, the masculine form is used — purely for pronunciation: mon amie, ton école, son histoire. The noun is still feminine, so any adjective still agrees: mon amie est gentille.
French has no apostrophe-s. Ownership is expressed backwards, with de:
| French | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| le livre de Marie | luh leevr duh mah-REE | Marie's book |
| la voiture de mon frère | lah vwah-tür duh mohn FRAIR | my brother's car |
| C'est Ă moi. | say tah MWAH | It's mine. |
| C'est Ă qui ? | say tah KEE | Whose is this? |
These contractions are compulsory: la voiture du professeur (not de le), les livres des étudiants (not de les). De la and de l' stay as they are. The same merging happens with à : à + le = au, à + les = aux — je vais au cinéma, aux États-Unis.
French makes no basic distinction between "this" and "that". One set of words covers both.
| Form | Used with | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ce | masculine singular | ce livre — this / that book |
| cet | masculine singular before a vowel sound | cet homme, cet appartement |
| cette | feminine singular | cette femme, cette idée |
| ces | all plurals | ces livres, ces maisons |
When you really must distinguish, add -ci (here) or -lĂ (there) to the noun: ce livre-ci (this book here) vs ce livre-lĂ (that book there). In practice, -lĂ does most of the work: Je prends celui-lĂ (I'll take that one).
Every quantity expression below is followed by plain de — never du, de la or des. This is the same rule you met with negation.
| French | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| beaucoup de | boh-KOO duh | a lot of, many |
| un peu de | uhn puh duh | a little |
| peu de | puh duh | few, not much |
| assez de | ah-SAY duh | enough |
| trop de | troh duh | too much / too many |
| plus de | plĂĽs duh | more |
| moins de | mwan duh | less, fewer |
| autant de | oh-TAHN duh | as much / as many |
| French | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| une bouteille de vin | ĂĽn boo-TAY duh VAN | a bottle of wine |
| un verre d'eau | uhn vair DOH | a glass of water |
| une tasse de café | ün tahs duh kah-FAY | a cup of coffee |
| un morceau de fromage | uhn mor-SOH duh fro-MAHZH | a piece of cheese |
| une tranche de jambon | ĂĽn trahnsh duh zhahn-BOHN | a slice of ham |
| un kilo de pommes | uhn kee-LOH duh POM | a kilo of apples |
| une boîte de conserve | ün bwaht duh kohn-SAIRV | a tin / can |
| un paquet de biscuits | uhn pah-KAY duh bee-SKWEE | a packet of cookies |
Two expressions keep the full article: bien des gens (a good many people) and la plupart des étudiants (most students). Everything else in this lesson takes bare de.
| French | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| quelques | kel-kuh | a few (+ countable plural) |
| plusieurs | plĂĽ-zee-UHR | several |
| chaque | shahk | each, every (+ singular) |
| tout / toute / tous / toutes | too / toot / toos / toot | all, the whole (agrees!) |
| tous les jours | too lay ZHOOR | every day |
| toute la journée | toot lah zhoor-NAY | all day long |
Quelques counts separate items: quelques amis, quelques minutes. Un peu de measures a mass: un peu de sucre, un peu de temps. English "a few" vs "a little" splits exactly the same way.
Shopping happens in metric quantities you'll hear constantly: une plaquette de beurre, une botte de radis, 500 grammes de ("cinq cents grammes de"). At the market, Et avec ceci ? ("Anything else?") is the standard prompt.
Québec mixes metric and imperial: you buy une pinte de lait (a quart) and une livre de beurre (a pound) alongside kilos. Une caisse de 24 is a case of beer — famously called une caisse de vingt-quatre or just une 24.
1. Sa soeur means:
2. How do you say "my friend" about a woman named Claire?
3. Which is correct?
4. "The teacher's car" is: